2004
Volume 94, Issue 4
  • ISSN: 0025-9454
  • E-ISSN: 1876-2816

Abstract

Abstract

In this study, we focus on a considered key value of the Netherlands: tolerance towards outgroups. We set out to answer the research questions: (1) what has been the longitudinal trend in social distance towards migrants, Muslims and ‘Gypsies’?; and (2) have there been (changes in) longitudinal differences between specific social categories?, in relation to the theoretical assumptions from contact and conflict theory. Based on Dutch data from the European Values Study, we show that social distance towards migrants, Muslims and ‘Gypsies’ increased in the first decade of the century as compared to the previous decade. In the second decade, social distance towards migrants and Muslims has not changed much; however, social distance towards ‘Gypsies’ has strongly increased further, even though the size of the group hardly changed. We discuss differential longitudinal trends within specific societal groups. The youngest cohort, socialized most strongly with immigrants and Muslims, turns out to be most likely to keep distance towards these groups in recent times – a finding more in line with conflict theory than with contact theory. We end with explanations for the observation that particularly the ‘Gypsies’ have become the most excluded outgroup, not just in the Netherlands, but in the whole of Europe.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.5117/MEM2019.4.005.LUBB
2019-11-01
2024-11-09
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/00259454/94/4/05_MEM2019.4_LUBB.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.5117/MEM2019.4.005.LUBB&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Allport, G.W.(1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Beugelsdijk, S., de Hart, J., van Houwelingen, P., & Versantvoort, M. (red.) (2019). Denkend aan Nederland. Sociaal en Cultureel Rapport 2019. Den Haag: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bhopal, K., & Myers, M.(2008). Insiders, outsiders and others: Gypsies and identity. Hertfordshire: University of Hertfordshire Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Blalock, H. M.(1967). Toward a Theory of Minority Group Relations. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Blumer, H.(1958). Race prejudice as a sense of group position. Pacific Sociological Review, 1, 3-7.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bogardus, E.(1925). Measuring social distance. Journal of Applied Sociology, 9, 299-308.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bogardus, E.(1968). Comparing racial distance in Ethiopia, South Africa and the United States. Sociology and Social Research, 52, 149-156.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Brown, R.(2000). Social identity theory: Past achievements, current problems and future challenges. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(6), 745-778.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Buis, H.(1987). Zigeuners gezien? Haal de was binnen! In Anne Frank Stichting:Vreemd Gespuis. Amsterdam: Ambo, Novib.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. CBS (2019a). Bevolking naar migratieachtergrond. Kerncijfers. Verkregen van cbs/statline: https://opendata.cbs.nl/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37296ned/line?dl=19CE5
  11. CBS (2019b). Religieuze betrokkenheid: persoonskenmerken. Naar denominatie. Verkregen van cbs/statline: https://opendata.cbs.nl/#/CBS/nl/dataset/82904NED/table?ts=1569404145392
  12. Coenders, M. & Scheepers, P.(1998). Support for ethnic discrimination in the Netherlands 1979-1993, Effects of period, cohort, and individual differences. European Sociological Review, 14, 4, 405-422.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Coenders, M., Lubbers, M., Te Grotenhuis, M., Thijs, P., & Scheepers, P.(2015). Trends in etnocentrische reacties onder de Nederlandse bevolking van 1979 tot 2012, Mens en Maatschappij, 90, 4, 405-433.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Coser, L.(1956). The Functions of Social Conflict. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Croes, M. & Tammes, P.(2005). De locale percentages overlevenden van de jodenvervolging in Nederland. Groniek, 437-457.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Dubbelman, J.E. & Tanja, J.(1987)Inleiding. In Anne FrankStichting: Vreemd Gespuis. Amsterdam: Ambo, Novib.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Duk, W.(2012). Rovers uit het oosten; Ze slaan toe en verdwijnen razendsnel weer over de grens. pakkans Oost-Europese bendes is gering en probleem is taboe voor ‘Brussel’. Elsevier Weekblad, 3 maart 2012. Verkregen van https://advance.lexis.com/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:552X-WPV1-JB14-718M-00000-00&context=1516831.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. ECRI(2013). ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intolerance) rapport over Nederland (vierde monitorcyclus). https://rm.coe.int/fourth-report-on-the-netherlands-dutch-translation-/16808b5960)
  19. Gijsberts, M. I. L., & Lubbers, M.(2013). Nieuw in Nederland. Het leven van recent gemigreerde Bulgaren en Polen. Den Haag: SCP.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Hagendoorn, L.(1995). Intergroup Biases in Multiple Group Systems: The Perception of Ethnic Hierarchies. In W.Stroebe & M.Hewstone: European Review of Social Psychology, Vol.6, pp. 199-228.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Huijnk, W.(2014). De arbeidsmarktpositie in beeld. In W.Huijnk, M.Gijsberts, & J.Dagevos (Red.). Jaarrapport integratie 2013. Den Haag: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Huisman, C.(2018). Rechter: moslimschool mag intrekken bij openbare school. De Volkskrant, 31 juli, 2018. https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/rechter-moslim​school-​mag-​intrekken-bij-open​bare-school~b371ffc8/).
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Hutchison, P., Chihade, R., & Puiu, A. A.(2018). Predictors of “the last acceptable racism”: Group threats and public attitudes toward Gypsies and Travellers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(5), 237-247.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Ignazi, P.(1992). The silent counter-revolution: Hypotheses on the emergence of extreme right-wing parties in Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 22(1), 3-34.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Inglehart, R.(1997). Modernization and postmodernization: cultural, economic and political change in 43 societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Inglehart, R. & Norris, P.(2003). Rising tide, gender equality and cultural change around the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Jaspers, E.(2008). Intolerance over time. Nijmegen: PhD dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Kranenberg, A.(2016). Bezorgde burgers of extreemrechts; onderzoek naar azc-verzet en iets meer aandacht voor de zwijgende meerderheid voorkomt een vertekend beeld. https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/bezorgde-burgers-of-extreemrechts~b5786e70/
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Koos, S., & Seibel, V.(2019). Solidarity with refugees across Europe. A comparative analysis of public support for helping forced migrants. European Societies, 1-25.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Kuiper, M.(2016). Jonge kinderen gedwongen te stelen. NRC.NEXT, 22 juni 2016. Verkregen van https://advance.lexis.com/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:5K2J-NRF1-DYRY-N46V-00000-00&context=1516831.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Lubbers, M., Coenders, M., & Scheepers, P.(2006). Objections to asylum seeker centres: Individual and contextual determinants of resistance to small and large centres in the Netherlands. European Sociological Review, 22(3), 243-257.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Lubbers, M., Scheepers, P. & Jaspers, E.(2010). De dynamiek in het ver rechtse electoraat rond en om de eeuwwisseling. Migranten Studies, 25, 237-259.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Lucassen, L., & Lucassen, J.(2015). The strange death of Dutch tolerance: the timing and nature of the pessimist turn in the Dutch migration debate. The Journal of Modern History, 87(1), 72-101.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Lucassen, J., & Penninx, R.(1985). Nieuwkomers, migranten en hun nakomelingen. Amsterdam: Meulenhoff.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Maliepaard, M., & Gijsberts, M.(2012). Moslims in Nederland. Den Haag, Nederland: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Middendorp, C.P.(1978). Progressiveness and conservatism: the fundamental dimensions of ideological controversy and their relationship to social class. Den Haag: Mouton Publishers.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Marijnissen, H.(2016). Zakkenroller is opeens het slachtoffer. Redactie Binnenland. Trouw, 23 juni 2016. Verkregen van https://advance.lexis.com/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:5K2P-H101-JC8W-Y0N0-00000-00&context=1516831.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Nieuwenhuizen, E.(2004). Roma en Sinti in Nederland – Factsheet. Verkregen op 13 mei 2019 van Artikel 1: www.art1.nl/nprd/factsheets/roma_en_sinti.pdf.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Norris, P., & Inglehart, R.(2019). Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Olzak, S.(1992). The dynamics of ethnic competition and conflict. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Oostindie, G.(2015). Soldaat in Indonesië: Getuigenissen van een oorlog aan de verkeerde kant van de geschiedenis. Amsterdam: NIOD.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Richards, L.(2017). Attitudes to immigration in Europe: how divided are we?European Parliament, 19 June 2017, p.16-18 (https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/findings/IE_Handout_FINAL.pdf).
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Rijksmuseum(2019). 1670-1680 Tolerantie. Verkregen op 25-09-2019 van: https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/tijdlijn-nederlandse-geschiedenis/1670-1680-tolerantie
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Pettigrew, T.(2009). Secondary transfer effect of contact: do intergroup contact effects spread to noncontacted outgroups?Social Psychology, 40, 2, 55-65.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R.(2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Savelkoul, M., Gesthuizen, M., & Scheepers, P.(2011). Explaining relationships between ethnic diversity and informal social capital across European countries and regions: Tests of constrict, conflict and contact theory. Social Science Research, 40(4), 1091-1107.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Scheepers, P.(1996). Etnocentrisme en rechts-extremisme, reacties op de komst en aanwezigheid van etnische minderheden. Pp. 247-302 in Ganzeboom, H., W.Ultee (eds.): De sociale segmentatie van Nederland in 2015, Voorstudies en achtergronden voor de Wetenschappelijke Raad voor Regeringsbeleid. Den Haag: SDU-uitgevers.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Scheepers, P., Gijsberts, M., & Coenders, M.(2002). Ethnic exclusionism in European countries, public opposition to grant civil rights to legal migrants as a response to perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review, 18, 1, 17-34.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Scheffer, P.(2007). Het land van aankomst. Amsterdam: Bezige Bij.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Schneider, S. L.(2008). Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: Outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review, 24(1), 53-67.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Siegel, D.(2013). Mobiel banditisme uit Oost en Centraal Europa. Tijdschrift voor de Politie, 76, 4/5, 29-31.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Schuman, H., Steeh, Ch., Bobo, L., & Krysan, M.(1997). Racial attitudes in America, trends and interpretations. Revised edition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Stephan, W. S., & Stephan, C. W.(2013). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. Pp. 33-56 in Oskamp, S. (Ed.) Reducing prejudice and discrimination. New York: Psychology Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Tajfel, H.(1981)Human Groups and Social Categories, Studies in Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Tajfel, H.(1982). Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1-39.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Verberk, G., Scheepers, P., Felling, A.(2002). Attitudes and behavioral intentions towards ethnic minorities: an empirical test of several theoretical explanations for the Dutch case, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 28, 2, 197-219.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Te Grotenhuis, M., Pelzer, B., Eisinga, R., Nieuwenhuis, R., Schmidt-Catran, A., & Konig, R.(2017). When size matters: advantages of weighted effect coding in observational studies. International Journal of Public Health, 62(1), 163-167.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Van Baar, H.(2013). Roma worden weer Zigeunerboeven. Trouw, 28-10-2013.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Van Baar, H.(2014). Participatie, veiligheid en beeldvorming van Romaminderheden. Justitiële verkenningen, 40(5), 86-98.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Van SettenM., Scheepers, P., & Lubbers, M.(2017). Support for restrictive immigration policies in the European Union 2002-2013, the impact of social strain and economic threat for vulnerable economic groups. European Societies, 19, 4, 440-465.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Van Walsum, S.(2019). ‘Dat geweld en racisme vaste bestanddelen zijn van de koloniale geschiedenis is geen moreel maar een wetenschappelijk gegeven. Interview Geert Oostindie’. De Volkskrant, 30 juni 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Zorlu, A.(2017). Attitudes toward asylum seekers in small local communities. International Migration, 55(6), 14-36.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.5117/MEM2019.4.005.LUBB
Loading
/content/journals/10.5117/MEM2019.4.005.LUBB
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): different outgroups; longitudinal trends; social distance
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error