2004
Volume 39, Issue 2
  • ISSN: 1567-7109
  • E-ISSN: 2468-1652

Abstract

Abstract

Depression is at least as prevalent in youth with a mild intellectual disability (MID) as it is in youth without disabilities. Little is known however about the etiology and treatment of depression in this group. This paper aims to investigate the possiblities for cognitive behavioural therapy in youth with MID by (1) testing the validity of Beck’s cognitive theory and Nolen-Hoeksema’s response style theory in youth with and without a MID in residential youth care; and (2) to examine the effects of Op Volle Kracht (OVK), a CBT-based depression prevention program among youth with and without a MID in a residential treatment setting. In study 1 the relationship between negative cognitive errors (Beck), response styles (Nolen- Hoeksema) and depressive symptoms was examined in 135 adolescents (age 9-17 years) using linear regression. Study 2 was an initial cluster randomized controlled trial in which twenty residential treatment groups (including in total N=92 adolescents aged 9-17 years), half of which targeted adolescents with a MID, were randomly assigned to either treatment as usual (TAU), or a combination of TAU and the group-CBT-program Op Volle Kracht (OVK+TAU). Depressive symptoms, cognitive errors and response styles were assessed at pre-test, post-test and 3 months follow-up. The data were analyzed by mixed effects linear regression analyses with age and gender as covariates.

Study 1 showed that only the cognitive error ‘underestimation of the ability to cope’, and a ruminative and distractive response style predicted depressive symptoms in both youth with- and without MID. The negative cognitive error ‘underestimation of the ability to cope’ was more prevalent among youth with MID than among youth without MID. Study 2 showed that the group CBT-program OVK was effective in reducing rumination, but not in reducing depressive symptoms or cognitive errors. This effect was the same for youth with and without a MID. The main premises of Beck’s cognitive theory and Nolen-Hoeksema’s response style theory of depression are applicable to both youth with and without a MID. The cognitive error ‘underestimation of the ability to cope’ poses a specific risk factor for developing a depression for youth with a MID and may require special attention in treatment and prevention of depression. The specifically adapted program OVK did not show effectiveness in reducing symptoms of depression in youth in residential care.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.5117/PED2019.2.006.WEEL
2019-09-01
2024-11-09
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/15677109/39/2/06_PED2019.2_WEEL.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.5117/PED2019.2.006.WEEL&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Abela, J.R.Z., Brozina, K., & Haigh, E.P.(2002). An examination of the response styles theory of depression in third- and seventh-grade children: A short-term longitudinal study.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 515–527.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Abela, J.R., Parkinson, C., Stolow, D., & Starrs, C.(2009). A test of the integration of the hopelessness and response styles theories of depression in middle adolescence.Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38(3), 354–364.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S.(2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review.Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 217–237.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Beck, A.T.(1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper and Row.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Boendermaker, L., van Rooijen, K., & Berg, T.(2012). Residentiële jeugdzorg: Wat werkt?Utrecht: Nederlands Jeugdinstituut.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bodden, D., Braet, C., & Stikkelbroek, Y.(2016). CDI-2 Screeningsvragenlijst voor depressie bij kinderen en jongeren. Amsterdam: Hogrefe Uitgevers B.V.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Broderick, P.C., & Korteland, C.(2004). A prospective study of depression and rumination in children and adolescents.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9(3), 383–394.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Brunwasser, S.M., Gillham, J.E., & Kim, E.S.(2009). A meta-analytic review of the Penn Resiliency Program’s effect on depressive symptoms. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 77(6), 1042.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Burwell, R.A., & Shirk, S.R., (2007). Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: associations between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms and coping. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescence Psychology, 36(1), 56–65.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Carter, J.S., & Garber, J.(2011). Predictors of the first onset of a major depressive episode and changes in depressive symptoms across adolescence: stress and negative cognitions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(4), 779–796.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Cooper, S.A.(1996). Depressive episodes in adults with learning disability.Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 13, 105–113.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Dermitzaki, I., Stavroussi, P., Bandi, M., & Nisiotou, I.(2008). Investigating ongoing strategic behaviour of students with mild mental retardation: Implementation and relations to performance in a problem-solving situation.Evaluation & Research in Education, 21, 96–110.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Dekker, M.C., & Koot, H.M.(2003). DSM-IV disorders in children with borderline to moderate intellectual disability. I: Prevalence and impact.Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(8), 915–922.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. De Wit, M., Moonen, X. & Douma, J.(2011). Richtlijn Effectieve Interventies LVB: Aanbevelingen voor het ontwikkelen, aanpassen en uitvoeren van gedragsveranderende interventies voor jeugdigen met een licht verstandelijke beperking.Utrecht: Landelijk Kenniscentrum LVG.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Emerson, E.(2003). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(1), 51–58.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Garber, J., Keiley, M.K., & Martin, C.(2002). Developmental trajectories of adolescents’ depressive symptoms: predictors of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 79–95.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Gillham, J.E., Reivich, K.J., Jaycox, L.H., & Seligman, M.E.(1995). Prevention of depressive symptoms in schoolchildren: Two-year follow-up.Psychological Science, 6(6), 343–351.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Grabe, S., Hyde, J.S., & Lindberg, S.M.(2007). Body objectification and depression in adolescents: the role of gender, shame and rumination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 164–175.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Hassiotis, A., Serfaty, M., Azam, K., Strydom, S., Blizard, R., Romeo, R., Martin, S., & King, M.(2013). Manualised individual cognitive behavioural therapy for mood disorders in people with mild to moderate intellectual disability: a feasibility randomised controlled trial.Journal of Affective Disorders, 151, 186–195.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Heiman, T.(2001). Depressive mood in students with mild intellectual disability: students’ reports and teachers’ evaluations.Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 45(6), 526–534.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Hurley, A.D., Folstein, M., & Lam, N.(2003). Patients with and without intellectual disability seeking outpatient psychiatric services: diagnoses and prescribing pattern.Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 39–50.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Joyce, T., Globe, A., & Moody, C.(2006). Assessment of the component skills for cognitive therapy in adults with intellectual disability.Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 19, 17–23.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Kindt, K., Kleinjan, M., Janssens, J., & Scholte, R.(2014). Evaluation of a school-based depression prevention program among adolescents from low-income areas: A randomized controlled effectiveness trial.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(5), 5273–5293.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Kingery, J.N., Kepley, H.O., Ginsburg, G.S., Walkup, J.T., Silva, S.G., Hoyle, R.H., Reinecke, M.A., & March, J.S.(2009). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Children’s Negative Cognitive Error Questionnaire with a clinically depressed adolescent sample. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38(6), 768–780.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Kösters, M.P., Chinapaw, M.J., Zwaanswijk, M., Van der Wal, M.F., & Koot, H.M.(2015). Structure, reliability, and validity of the revised child anxiety and depression scale (RCADS) in a multi-ethnic urban sample of Dutch children. BMC Psychiatry, 15(1), 132.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Landelijke Stuurgroep Multidisciplinaire Richtlijnontwikkeling in De GGZ(2009). Multidisciplinaire richtlijn Depressie bij Jeugd Addendum. Utrecht, Nederland: Trimbos-instituut.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Lakeman, M., Bodden, D.H.M., & Tromp, N.(2017). Wees alert op depressie bij jongeren met licht verstandelijke beperking: Diagnose wordt bij LVB-jongere vermoedelijk vaak gemist. Kind en Adolescent Praktijk, 16(3), 38–46.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Leitenberg, H., Yost, L. W., & Carroll-Wilson, M.(1986). Negative cognitive errors in children: questionnaire development, normative data, and comparisons between children with and without self-reported symptoms of depression, low self-esteem, and evaluation anxiety.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(4), 528.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Linna, S. L., Moilanen, I., Ebeling, H., Piha, J., Kumpulainen, K., Tamminen , & Almqvist, F.(1999). Psychiatric symptoms in children with intellectual disability. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 8(4), S77–S82.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Maric, M., Heyne, D.A., Van Widenfelt, B.M., & Westenberg, P.M.(2011). Distorted cognitive processing in youth: the structure of negative cognitive errors and their associations with anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35(1), 11–20.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Meins, W.(1993). Prevalence and risk factors for depressive disorders in adults with intellectual disability.Australia and New Zealand Journal on Developmental Disabilities, 18, 147–156.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Merrill, B.M., Warren, J.S., Garcia, D.J., & Hardy, S.A.(2017). Youth motivation as a predictor of treatment outcomes in a community mental health system. Psychotherapy Research, 27(2), 215–226.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Muris, P., Fokke, M., & Kwik, D.(2009). The ruminative response style in adolescents: An examination of its specific link to symptoms of depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, 21–32.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Neijmeijer, L., Moerdijk, L., Muusse, C., & Veneberg, G.(2010). Licht verstandelijk gehandicapten in de GGZ. Een verkennend onderzoek. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Nolen-Hoeksema, S.(1991). Responsed to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 569–582.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Morrow, J., & Fredrickson, B.L.(1993). Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(1), 20–28.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Nuijen, J., & Van Bon-Martens, M.(2018). Zicht op depressie: de aandoening, preventie en zorg.Utrecht, Nederland: Trimbos-instituut.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Platt, J.M., Keyes, K.M., McLaughlin, K.A., & Kaufman, A.S.(2018). Intellectual disability and mental disorders in a US population representative sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine,1–10.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Poppelaarset al., 2016
  40. Rasing, S., Creemers, D., Vermulst, A., Janssens, J., Engels, R., & Scholte, R.(2018). Outcomes of a randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of depression and anxiety prevention for adolescents with a high familial risk. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 1457–1470.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Richards, M., Maughan, B., Hardy, R., Hall, I., Strydon, A., & Wadsworth, A.(2001). Long-term affective disorder in people with a mild learning disability. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 523–527.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Rood, L., Roelofs, J., Bögels, S.M., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schouten, E.(2009). The influence of emotion-focused rumination and distraction on depressive symptoms in non-clinical youth: A meta-analytic review.Clinical Psychology Review, 29(7), 607–616.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Schwartz, J.S., & Maric, M.(2015). Negative cognitive errors in youth: Specificity to anxious and depressive symptoms and age differences. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 43, 526–537.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Stevanovic, D., Lalic, B., Batinic, J., Damjanovic, R., Jovic, V., Brkic-Cvetkovic, S., & Jancic, J.(2016). Children’s Negative Cognitive Error Questionnaire—Revised: The factor structure and associations with anxiety and depressive symptoms across age, gender and clinical/community samples. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 40(4), 584–592.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Tak, Y.R., Van Zundert, R.M., Kuijpers, R.C., Van Vlokhoven, B.S., Rensink, H.F., & Engels, R.C.(2012). A randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of a universal school-based depression prevention program ‘Op Volle Kracht’ in the Netherlands.BMC Public Health, 12(1), 21–30.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Tak, Y.R., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Gillham, J. E., Van Zundert, R.M., & Engels, R.C.(2016). Universal school-based depression prevention ‘Op Volle Kracht’: A longitudinal cluster randomized controlled trial.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(5), 949–961.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Verdonschot, M.M., De Witte, L.P., Reichrath, E., Buntinx, W.H.E., & Curfs, L.M.(2009). Community participation of people with an intellectual disability: A review of empirical findings.Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(4), 303–318.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Vereenooghe, L., & Langdon, P.E.(2013). Psychological therapies for people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 4085–4102.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Weeland, M.M.(2018). Diagnostics and treatment of internalizing problems in residential youth care (PhD dissertation).
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Weeland, M.M., Nijhof, K.S., Otten, R., Vermaes, I.P., & Buitelaar, J.K.(2017). Beck’s cognitive theory and the response style theory of depression in adolescents with and without mild to borderline intellectual disability.Research in Developmental Disabilities, 69, 39–48.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Weeland, M.M., Nijhof, K.S., Vermaes, I., Engels, R.C., & Buitelaar, J.K.(2015). Study protocol: A randomised controlled trial testing the effectiveness of ‘Op Volle Kracht’ in Dutch residential care.BMC Psychiatry, 15(1), 161–170.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Weersing, V.R., Jeffreys, M., Do, M.C.T., Schwartz, K.T., & Bolano, C.(2017). Evidence base update of psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent depression.Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46(1), 11–43.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Weisz, J.R., McCarty, C.A., & Valeri, S.M.(2006). Effects of psychotherapy for depression in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 132(1), 132–149.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Wijnhoven, L.A., Creemers, D.H., Vermulst, A.A., Scholte, R.H., & Engels, R.C.(2014). Randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of a depression prevention program (‘Op Volle Kracht’) among adolescent girls with elevated depressive symptoms.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(2), 217–228.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Wilkinson, P.O., & Goodyer, I.M.(2006). Attention difficulties and mood-related ruminative response style in adolescents with unipolar depression.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(12), 1284–1291.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Young, J.F., Mufson, L., & Davies, M.(2006). Impact of comorbid anxiety in an effectiveness study of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(8), 904–912.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Ziegert, D.I., & Kistner, J.A.(2002). Response styles theory: Downward extension to children.Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(3), 325–334.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Zuroff, D.C., Koestner, R., Moskowitz, D.S., McBride, C., Marshall, M., & Bagby, M.R.(2007). Autonomous motivation for therapy: A new common factor in brief treatments for depression. Psychotherapy Research, 17(2), 137–147.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.5117/PED2019.2.006.WEEL
Loading
/content/journals/10.5117/PED2019.2.006.WEEL
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error