oa An Ecological Momentary Assessment and Content Analysis to Unravel Flemish Young Adults’ Exposure to and Contents of Gambling Marketing Communications

References

1. Abarbanel, B., Gainsbury, S.M., King, D., Hing, N., & Delfabbro, P.H. (2017). Gambling games on social platforms: How do advertisements for social casino games target young adults?Policy & Internet, 9(2), 184–209.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Binde, P. (2014). Gambling advertising: A critical research review. Responsible Gambling Trust.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Bouguettaya, A., Lynott, D., Carter, A., Zerhouni, O., Meyer, S., Ladegaard, I., Gardner, J., & O’Brien, K.S. (2020). The relationship between gambling advertising and gambling attitudes, intentions and behaviours: A critical and meta-analytic review. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 31, 89–101.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Bradley, A., & James, R.J. (2019). How are major gambling brands using Twitter?International Gambling Studies, 19(3), 451–470.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Critchlow, N., Hunt, K., Wardle, H., & Stead, M. (2022). Expenditure on paid-for gambling advertising during the national COVID-19 ‘Lockdowns’: An observational study of media monitoring data from the United Kingdom. Journal of Gambling Studies, 1–15.
   [Google Scholar]
6. Critchlow, N., Moodie, C., Stead, M., Morgan, A., Newall, P.W., & Dobbie, F. (2020). Visibility of age restriction warnings, harm reduction messages and terms and conditions: A content analysis of paid-for gambling advertising in the United Kingdom. Public Health, 184, 79–88.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Davies, R. (2021, June4). Gambling logos feature 700 times in football match, says C4 documentary. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/jun/05/gambling-logos-feature-700-times-in-football-match-says-ch4-documentary
   [Google Scholar]
8. de Bakker, S. (2013). Merkloyaliteit: Van routine naar bewust gedrag. SWOCC
   [Google Scholar]
9. De Jans, S. (2022). The effectiveness of betting odds in digital gambling advertising for sports betting. International Gambling Studies, 1–21.
   [Google Scholar]
10. De Tijd. (2022). Van Quickenborne gaat strijd aan met gokreclame in voetbal. https://www.tijd.be/politiek-economie/belgie/federaal/van-quickenborne-gaat-strijd-aan-met-gokreclame-in-voetbal/10386764.html
    [Google Scholar]
11. Derevensky, J. L., Sklar, A., Gupta, R., Messerlian, C., Laroche, M., & Mansour, S. (2007). Les effets de la publicité sur les attitudes et les comportements de jeu des enfants et des adolescents. International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, McGill University.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Derevensky, J., Sklar, A., Gupta, R., & Messerlian, C. (2010). An empirical study examining the impact of gambling advertisements on adolescent gambling attitudes and behaviors. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8(1), 21–34.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Digimeter. (2021). Digimeter 2021 | imec Vlaanderen. https://www.imec.be/sites/default/files/2022-04/IMEC_Digimeterrapport_2021.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
14. Djohari, N., Weston, G., Cassidy, R., Wemyss, M., & Thomas, S. (2019). Recall and awareness of gambling advertising and sponsorship in sport in the UK: A study of young people and adults. Harm Reduction Journal, 16(1), 24.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Feci, N., & Verdoodt, V. (2019). Nieuwe regels inzake reclame voor online gokken-Analyse van het KB van 25 oktober 2018. Consumentenrecht/Droit de La Consommation, 2019(125), 31–49.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Ferris, J. A., & Wynne, H. J. (2001). The Canadian problem gambling index. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse Ottawa, ON.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Gainsbury, S. M., Delfabbro, P., King, D. L., & Hing, N. (2016). An exploratory study of gambling operators’ use of social media and the latent messages conveyed. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(1), 125–141.
    [Google Scholar]
18. Gambling Commission UK. (2018). Young people & gambling 2018. https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/pdf/survey-data/young-people-and-gambling-2018-report.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
19. Gisle, L., & Drieskens, S. (2018). Gezondheidsenquête 2018: Kans- en geldspelen. Sciensano. www.gezondheidsenquête.be
    [Google Scholar]
20. Guillou-Landreat, M., Gallopel-Morvan, K., Lever, D., Le Goff, D., & Le Reste, J.-Y. (2021). Gambling marketing strategies and the Internet: What do we know? A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 188.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Gunter, B. (2019). Gambling advertising: Nature, effects and regulation. Emerald Group Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Hanss, D., Mentzoni, R. A., Griffiths, M. D., & Pallesen, S. (2015). The impact of gambling advertising: Problem gamblers report stronger impacts on involvement, knowledge, and awareness than recreational gamblers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(2), 483.
    [Google Scholar]
23. Hayes, A. F. (2019). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
24. Hayes, A. F., & Krippendorff, K. (2007). Answering the call for a standard reliability measure for coding data. Communication Methods and Measures, 1(1), 77–89.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Henriksen, J., Hornebrant, M., & Berndt, A. (2022). Online casinos: Advertising and avoidance among Generation Y consumers in Sweden. SN Business & Economics, 2(1), 1–22.
    [Google Scholar]
26. Hing, N., Lamont, M., Vitartas, P., & Fink, E. (2015). Sports bettors’ responses to sports-embedded gambling promotions: Implications for compulsive consumption. Journal of Business Research, 68(10), 2057–2066.
    [Google Scholar]
27. Hing, N., Vitartas, P., & Lamont, M. (2013). Gambling sponsorship of sport: An exploratory study of links with gambling attitudes and intentions. International Gambling Studies, 13(3), 281-301.
    [Google Scholar]
28. Hörnle, J., Schmidt-Kessen, M., Littler, A., & Padumadasa, E. (2019). Regulating online advertising for gambling–once the genie is out of the bottle…. Information & Communications Technology Law, 28(3), 311–334.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Houghton, S., McNeil, A., Hogg, M., & Moss, M. (2019). Comparing the Twitter posting of British gambling operators and gambling affiliates: A summative content analysis. International Gambling Studies, 19(2), 312–326.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Jones, C., Pinder, R., & Robinson, G. (2020). Gambling sponsorship and advertising in British football: A critical account. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 14(2), 163–175.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Justitie, federale overheidsdienst. (2018, October25). Koninklijk Besluit van 25/10/2018 betreffende de voorwaarden voor het uitbaten van kansspelen en weddenschappen via informatiemaatschappij-instrumenten [Besluit]. https://etaamb.openjustice.be/nl/koninklijk-besluit-van-25-oktober-2018_n2018014587.html
    [Google Scholar]
33. Kansspelcommissie (2023). Kansspelwet van 7 mei 1999. https://www.gamingcommission.be/nl/gambling-act-of-7-may-1999-0
    [Google Scholar]
34. Kees, J., & Andrews, J. C. (2019). Research issues and needs at the intersection of advertising and public policy. Journal of Advertising, 48(1), 126–135.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Killick, E. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). A content analysis of gambling operators’ twitter accounts at the start of the English premier league football season. Journal of Gambling Studies, 36(1), 319–341.
    [Google Scholar]
36. Killick, E. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022a). A thematic analysis of sports bettors’ perceptions of sports betting marketing strategies in the UK. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, 800–818.
    [Google Scholar]
37. Killick, E. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022b). Sports betting advertising: A systematic review of content analysis studies. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–27.
    [Google Scholar]
38. Kim, Y., Lee, W.-N., & Jung, J.-H. (2013). Changing the stakes: A content analysis of Internet gambling advertising in TV poker programs between 2006 and 2010. Journal of Business Research, 66(9), 1644–1650.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Knoll, J., & Matthes, J. (2017). The effectiveness of celebrity endorsements: A meta-analysis. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 45, 55–75.
    [Google Scholar]
40. Korn, D., Hurson, T., & Reynolds, J. (2005). Commercial gambling advertising: Possible impact on youth knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behavioural intentions. Guelph: Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre. https://www.greo.ca/Modules/EvidenceCentre/files/Korn%20et%20al(2005)Commercial_gambling_advertising.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
41. Lole, L., Li, E. N., Russell, A. M., Greer, N., Thorne, H., & Hing, N. (2019). Are sports bettors looking at responsible gambling messages? An eye-tracking study on wagering advertisements. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(3), 499-507.
    [Google Scholar]
42. Lopez-Gonzalez, H., Estévez, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Marketing and advertising online sports betting: A problem gambling perspective. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 41(3), 256–272.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Lopez-Gonzalez, H., Estévez, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Controlling the illusion of control: A grounded theory of sports betting advertising in the UK. International Gambling Studies, 18(1), 39–55.
    [Google Scholar]
44. Lopez-Gonzalez, H., Guerrero-Solé, F., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). A content analysis of how ‘normal’sports betting behaviour is represented in gambling advertising. Addiction Research & Theory, 26(3), 238–247.
    [Google Scholar]
45. Lusardi, A., Mitchell, O. S., & Curto, V. (2010). Financial literacy among the young. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 44(2), 358–380.
    [Google Scholar]
46. Maher, J. K., Hu, M. Y., & Kolbe, R. H. (2006). Children’s recall of television ad elements. Journal of Advertising, 35(1), 23-33.
    [Google Scholar]
47. Martino, S. C., Kovalchik, S. A., Collins, R. L., Becker, K. M., Shadel, W. G., & D’Amico, E. J. (2016). Ecological momentary assessment of the association between exposure to alcohol advertising and early adolescents’ beliefs about alcohol. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(1), 85–91.
    [Google Scholar]
48. Martino, S. C., Scharf, D. M., Setodji, C. M., & Shadel, W. G. (2011). Measuring exposure to protobacco marketing and media: A f ield study using ecological momentary assessment. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14(4), 398–406.
    [Google Scholar]
49. McGrane, E., Wardle, H., Clowes, M., Blank, L., Pryce, R., Field, M., Sharpe, C., & Goyder, E. (2023). What is the evidence that advertising policies could have an impact on gambling-related harms? A systematic umbrella review of the literature. Public Health, In press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2022.11.019
    [Google Scholar]
50. McMullan, J. L., & Miller, D. (2009). Wins, winning and winners: The commercial advertising of lottery gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(3), 273–295.
    [Google Scholar]
51. McMullan, J. L., Miller, D. E., & Perrier, D. C. (2012). “I’ve seen them so much they are just there”: Exploring young people’s perceptions of gambling in advertising. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(6), 829–848.
    [Google Scholar]
52. Moore, S. M., & Ohtsuka, K. (1997). Gambling activities of young Australians: Developing a model of behaviour. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13(3), 339.
    [Google Scholar]
53. Newall, P. W., Moodie, C., Reith, G., Stead, M., Critchlow, N., Morgan, A., & Dobbie, F. (2019). Gambling marketing from 2014 to 2018: A literature review. Current Addiction Reports, 6(2), 49-56.
    [Google Scholar]
54. Newall, P. W., Weiss-Cohen, L., Singmann, H., Walasek, L., & Ludvig, E. A. (2022). Impact of the “when the fun stops, stop” gambling message on online gambling behaviour: A randomised, online experimental study. The Lancet Public Health, 7(5), e437–e446.
    [Google Scholar]
55. NOS Nieuws. (2022). In half jaar tijd bijna half miljard online vergokt, vooral jongvolwassenen actief. https://nos.nl/artikel/2446508-in-half-jaar-tijd-bijna-half-miljard-online-vergokt-vooral-jongvolwassenen-actief
    [Google Scholar]
56. Nyemcsok, C., Thomas, S. L., Bestman, A., Pitt, H., Daube, M., & Cassidy, R. (2018). Young people’s recall and perceptions of gambling advertising and intentions to gamble on sport. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 1068–1078.
    [Google Scholar]
57. Nyemcsok, C., Thomas, S. L., Pitt, H., Pettigrew, S., Cassidy, R., & Daube, M. (2021). Young people’s reflections on the factors contributing to the normalisation of gambling in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 45(2), 165–170.
    [Google Scholar]
58. Parke, A., Harris, A., Parke, J., Rigbye, J., & Blaszczynski, A. (2014). Responsible marketing and advertising in gambling: A critical review. The Journal of Gambling Business and Economics, 8(3), 21–35.
    [Google Scholar]
59. Pitt, H., Thomas, S. L., Bestman, A., Randle, M., & Daube, M. (2018). Do betting advertisements contain attention strategies that may appeal to children? An interpretative content analysis. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 29(3), 265–273.
    [Google Scholar]
60. Purves, R. I., Critchlow, N., Morgan, A., Stead, M., & Dobbie, F. (2020). Examining the frequency and nature of gambling marketing in televised broadcasts of professional sporting events in the United Kingdom. Public Health, 184, 71–78.
    [Google Scholar]
61. Rawat, V., Hing, N., & Russell, A. M. (2020). What’s the message? A content analysis of emails and texts received from wagering operators during sports and racing events. Journal of Gambling Studies, 36(4), 1107–1121.
    [Google Scholar]
62. Roth-Cohen, O., & Tamir, I. (2017). ‘The winner takes it all’: Values and benefits of Israeli sports gambling advertisements. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 34(7–8), 639–655.
    [Google Scholar]
63. Russell, A. M., Hing, N., Browne, M., & Rawat, V. (2018). Are direct messages (texts and emails) from wagering operators associated with betting intention and behavior? An ecological momentary assessment study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 1079-1090.
    [Google Scholar]
64. Shaffer, H. J., LaBrie, R. A., & LaPlante, D. (2004). Laying the foundation for quantifying regional exposure to social phenomena: Considering the case of legalized gambling as a public health toxin. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18(1), 40.
    [Google Scholar]
65. Sharman, S. (2022). Gambling in football: How much is too much?Managing Sport and Leisure, 27(1–2), 85–92.
    [Google Scholar]
66. Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008). Ecological momentary assessment. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 4, 1–32.
    [Google Scholar]
67. Stadder, E., & Naraine, M. L. (2020). Place your bets: An exploratory study of sports-gambling operators’ use of twitter for relationship marketing. International Journal of Sport Communication, 13(2), 157–180.
    [Google Scholar]
68. Statista. (2023). Online gambling ad spend USA 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1350628/online-gambling-ad-spend-usa/
    [Google Scholar]
69. Syvertsen, A., Erevik, E. K., Hanss, D., Mentzoni, R. A., & Pallesen, S. (2021). Relationships between exposure to different gambling advertising types, advertising impact and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 38(2), 465-482.
    [Google Scholar]
70. The European Business Review. (2022). These European countries have the most gambling fans. https://www.europeanbusinessreview.com/these-european-countries-have-the-most-gambling-fans/
    [Google Scholar]
71. Thomas, S. L., Bestman, A., Pitt, H., Cassidy, R., McCarthy, S., Nyemcsok, C., Cowlishaw, S., & Daube, M. (2018). Young people’s awareness of the timing and placement of gambling advertising on traditional and social media platforms: A study of 11–16-year-olds in Australia. Harm Reduction Journal, 15(1), 1–13.
    [Google Scholar]
72. Torrance, J., John, B., Greville, J., O’Hanrahan, M., Davies, N., & Roderique-Davies, G. (2021). Emergent gambling advertising; a rapid review of marketing content, delivery and structural features. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–13.
    [Google Scholar]
73. Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2013). The differential susceptibility to media effects model. Journal of Communication, 63(2), 221–243.
    [Google Scholar]
74. Van Rooij, A. J., vanden Abeele, M., & Van Looy, J. (2017). Gambling and gaming in Belgium: Opportunities and risks associated with online digital gambling. Ghent, Belgium: Imec-Mict-Ghent University. https://www.imec-int.com/drupal/sites/default/files/inline-files/Egamblingfullreport_final.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
75. Zaman, B., Van Mechelen, M., De Cock, R., & Huyghe, J. (2021). Perceptions of and exposure to games of chance, gambling, and video gaming: Self-reports of preadolescents and parents. Journal of Gambling Issues, 46, 242–278.
    [Google Scholar]