Tijdschrift voor Historische Geografie - Volume 8, Issue 2, 2023

Aerial photography as a methodology to investigate the siege of Groenlo. The archaeology of droughts

The summer months of 2018 and 2019 were exceptionally dry and many crop marks appeared in the landscape. Various factors, with differing timeframes, cause appearance and disappearance of crop marks. The French Encampment near Groenlo shows this very well: the southern part was visible only in August 2018, while the northern part was visible only in September 2018. Taking infrared imagery into account, the crop mark season can be extended. Vegetation shows a difference in growth rather than a difference in reaching maturity, as shown by the Frisian Rampart. The problem of the right place, right time, and suitable sensors can be mitigated by using drones (uavs). Furthermore, it is relatively easy for the public to engage in this kind of aerial research with the expected increase in drone use by the general public.

The demise of mills in the Netherlands: a quantitative and geographical approach

This year the Association (vereniging) De Hollandsche Molen celebrates its centenary. The association was founded to call a halt to the large-scale demolition of wind and water mills in the decades around the turn of the century. This article sketches for the first time, for the period 1850-2020, a quantitative picture of the decline of what is considered the icon of the Netherlands. A distinction is made according to type, function and region. In the description and analysis, use is made of an extensive inventory of disappeared and existing windmills. A comparison with other sources shows that this database includes most of the windmills (approximately 85-90%) that functioned in the period after 1850. For water mills this percentage is probably substantially lower. The analysis shows that industrial mills have already largely disappeared due to the introduction of steam power. Polder windmills in the western Netherlands have also disappeared in large numbers with the use of this new power source. In the Northern Netherlands, however, things were different: here, especially after the turn of the century the use of suction gas, diesel and electric motors meant the demise of the polder mill. Mills that were used for the processing of agricultural products actually still functioned in large numbers almost everywhere until the tens or even the twenties of the 20th century. When it comes to water mills, there is a distinction between mills with an industrial application and an agricultural one: the first group suffered large losses due to the introduction of steam; the second by the introduction of fossil fuel engines. The analysis shows that between 1880 and now only one in seven mills has survived the transition to industrial power sources. In addition, it is demonstrated that the current mill stock is not a representative reflection of the stock at the height of the use of mills around 1880.