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Volume 32, Issue 1, 2024
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The European Discourse of Geldmacht: Anti-Capitalism, Stereotypes of Jews, and Abraham Kuyper, 1844–1911
More LessAbstractThis article explores the circulation and evolution of the European discourse of geldmacht (‘money power’) from 1840 until 1911. During this period, a variety of thinkers used the notion of geldmacht to express opposing arguments. Academics used the word geldmacht to capture the power of finance, while activists across the political spectrum used the same notion to offer social critique and voice conspiracy theories. In the period from 1840 to 1911, the concept of geldmacht, adapted and moulded by authors to fit their individual needs, circulated in the form of books, articles, and pamphlets. Several nineteenth-century German thinkers used the word to contest the civil emancipation of the Jews while others turned to geldmacht in their critique of contemporary capitalism. From the 1920s onwards, communists and fascists alike appropriated the notion of geldmacht for their own purposes. As a first examination of the various connotations of the discourse of geldmacht, the aim of this article is strategic rather than exhaustive. Its main contribution takes the form of a diachronic analysis of the term geldmacht as used by the Dutch journalist, Protestant theologian, and prime minister of the Netherlands (1901–1905) Abraham Kuyper (1837–1920). As a Protestant theologian and political thinker, Kuyper was extremely interested in the role Jews played in European societies. Although he sometimes used the notion of geldmacht to contest contemporary capitalism, he mostly used the term to accuse Jews of exercising excessive political influence. Kuyper’s use of the word geldmacht sheds light on the broader contours of the European discourse at the time, for example, as articulated by Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx in their discussions of Jewish wealth in the 1840s. Such ideas, reworked in the 1870s to polemicise against Otto von Bismarck, were then adapted by Kuyper to fit his own needs. Kuyper’s writings thus not only shed light on a local debate in the Netherlands, but also function as a lens to understand the complex European genealogy of the discourse of geldmacht. A Begriffsgeschichte (‘conceptual history’) of Kuyper’s statements on geldmacht, the German sources he may have used, and an analysis of the reception his work received, reveals how the fear of anonymous financial markets often mingled with an antisemitic distrust of a distinctive minority.
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For peace, justice, and the integrity of creation
Authors: Peter van Dam & Daan Theodorus SandersAbstractThe Conciliar Process was a transnational campaign initiated by churches throughout the world, adhorting Christians to consider their responsibility for global justice, peace, and the environment. This article analyses the trajectory of this campaign, also known as the campaign for Justice, Peace and the integrity of Creation (JPIC), as it unfolded between 1987 and 1992. If focuses primarily on its evolution in the Netherlands, where it was received enthusiastically. With the Conciliar Process, a mode of religiously inspired civic initiative which favored an integration of spiritual and worldly domains, a broad range of issues, and an expansive range of civic organizations culminated. The trajectory of the campaign highlights a transformation of civic engagement by church members, who shifted their activities towards local initiatives and professional nongovernmental organizations. These shifts resulted from three coinciding dimensions: the structural developments of fluidization and professionalization, the end of the Cold War, and the drive to overcome internal divisions and engage in lowthreshold activities. This history thus provides a new framework to grasp the trajectories of persistence and transformation in religious life in Europe since the 1990s.
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The ambiguous legal position of ‘native Christians’ in the Dutch East Indies in the nineteenth century
Authors: Bart Verheijen & Rowin JansenAbstractIn the nineteenth-century colonial Dutch East Indies, a legal distinction existed between different population groups. This article examines the implications of this so-called ‘legal dualism’ by focusing on a specific group: the ‘native Christians’. These Indonesians converted to Christianity, who some politicians believed had become to a certain extent ‘European’, may have been a small group, but they challenged legal pigeonholing and the underlying colonial hierarchy. This group of subjects forced colonial legislators to rethink the essence of the colonial system and make choices in the process. Should native Christians be categorized as ‘natives’ based on their ethnicity, or as ‘Europeans’ due to their religious affiliation? The debate over their legal status sheds light on the dynamic processes of inclusion and exclusion in colonial governance. By analyzing the political and legal discussions and reports that defined the status of this group from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, this study demonstrates that the criteria for equality were varied, yet consistently rooted in a broader ‘criterion of civilization’.
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‘Er zijn onder ons naast vurige deïsten ook complete atheïsten die zielsrust putten uit de ontkenning van God’
More LessAbstractDe bakermat van de vrijdenkersbeweging in België ligt in Brussel toen daar tijdens de jaren 1850 en 1860 de eerste vrijdenkersverenigingen werden opgericht. Het veelvormige ongeloof van de Brusselse vrijdenkers die bij deze verenigingen betrokken waren had verschillende morele dimensies. Het antiklerikalisme dat aan de basis lag van de eerste vrijdenkersverenigingen die als begrafenisverenigingen functioneerden was duidelijk moreel begeesterd. Vanuit een paniekreactie scheerden katholieke kranten en opiniemakers deze verenigingen en hun intellectuele leiders over één kam als een materialistische en dus atheïstische beweging die zelf een moreel gevaar zou inhouden voor de Belgische samenleving. Het ongeloof van belangrijke Brusselse vrijdenkers ging minstens evenzeer gepaard met het morele verzet tegen theïstische godsdiensten en hun geestelijken, het katholicisme en zijn clerus in het bijzonder, als met natuurwetenschappelijke beschouwingen. Het wijdverspreide morele verzet tegen de theïstische god stond een niettheïstische spiritualiteit en ook een bovennatuurlijk godsbegrip niet in de weg. Dit was in het bijzonder het geval bij de deïstische vrijdenkers en vrijmetselaars die zich rekenden tot de traditie van de ‘natuurlijke religie’ die voor hen stoelde op zowel morele als wetenschappelijke gronden. Wanneer de morele verontwaardiging in de Brusselse vrijzinnige kringen over ging naar woede en provocatie, met name binnen de socialistische arbeidersvleugel, manifesteerde zich vooral de invloed van het antitheïsme van de Franse filosoof Proudhon.
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